Chemical Bonding and Electro-Theory of Valency:Chemical bonding is the process by which atoms are held together in molecules or ions.The electro-theory of valency states that the chemical behavior of an element is determined by the number of electrons in its outermost energy level, or valence...
Define orbit & orbital, shapes of orbitals s,p,d,f
Orbit and Orbital:An orbit is the path that an electron follows as it moves around the nucleus of an atom.An orbital is a mathematical representation of an electron's energy and wave-like behavior.Orbitals are described by three quantum numbers: n, l, and m, which define the size, shape, and orientation of the orbital, respectively.There are...
Explain pauls exclusion principle
Pauli's Exclusion Principle:The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.This means that each orbital can only hold two electrons, with opposite spins.The Pauli exclusion principle helps to explain the stability of atoms and their electronic configurations.Without the exclusion...
Describe the concept of Hund's rule
Hund's Rule:Hund's rule states that when there are multiple orbitals of the same energy level, electrons will occupy each orbital with a single electron before any orbital has two electrons.This results in an unpaired electron, which is important in determining the magnetic behavior of an atom.Hund's...
Define the concept of the Bohrs Atomic model
Bohr's Atomic Model:a. The Bohr atomic model was proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913.The model proposed that electrons move around the nucleus in defined orbits and that the energy of an electron is proportional to its distance from the nucleus.Bohr also proposed that electrons could only exist in specific orbits and that transitions between orbits...
Explain the Aufbau principle with suitable electronic configuration examples
Aufbau Principle:The Aufbau principle states that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first, and then successively fill higher energy orbitals.This principle is used to predict the electronic configuration of an element.Electrons are filled into orbitals in order of increasing energy until all electrons are accounted for.For example, the electronic...
Define Atomic structure, atomic number, atomic mass number
Atomic structure:Atoms are made up of three types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.The nucleus, located at the center of the atom, contains protons and neutrons, while electrons orbit the nucleus in shells or energy levels.The arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels determines its chemical properties and behavior.Atomic...
ECET Chemistry: Electrochemistry
Define conductors, insulators, and electrolyte What are the types of conductorsDescribe electrolysis of fused NACL and aqueous NACLDescribe the Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation Define faradays laws of electrolysis Define galvanic cell and its uses Define electrode potential and standard...
ECET Chemistry: Principles of Metallurgy
Define metal and non-metal, characteristics of metalDefine the concept of metallurgyDefine the terms- ore, flux, gangue, and slagDescribe the principle of concentration of ore by the froth flotation Steps involved in the concentration of ore- roasting, calcination, and smeltingComposition and applications...
ECET Chemistry: Acids and Bases
Define acid and base Describe Arrhenius's theory of acids and basesDescribe Bronsted Lowry's theory of acids and bases Define the ionic product of water and the concept of phdescribe the lewis theory Describes strong and weak acid basesDefine buffer and types of buffer, a.acid buffer, b.basic buffer...
ECET: Fundamentals of Chemistry
Define Atomic structure, atomic number, atomic mass number Explain the Aufbau principle with suitable electronic configuration examples Define the concept of the Bohrs Atomic model Describe the concept of Hund's rule Explain pauls exclusion principle Describe the electronic configuration elements...
ECET Physics: Heat and Thermodynamics
Define - Heat, temperature, critical temperature, scales of temperature, celsius, fahrenheit, kelvin scale or absolute scaleRelation between different scalesBoyles law and Charles law | its validityIdeal gas and ideal gas equationGas constant, universal gas constant, SI units of UGS, value of UGSCharles...
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